Bangladeshi rap, memes helped oust Hasina — now they’re reshaping politics | Protests

Dhaka, Bangladesh — On July 16, 2024, as safety forces launched a brutal crackdown on scholar protesters campaigning in opposition to then-Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s more and more authoritarian authorities, Bangladeshi rapper Muhammad Shezan launched a tune.

Titled Kotha Ko (communicate up in Bangla), the tune requested: “The nation says it’s free, then the place’s your roar?”

It was the day that Abu Sayed, a protester, was killed, changing into the face of the marketing campaign to depose Hasina after 15 years in energy. Sayed’s demise fuelled the general public anger that led to intensified protests. And Shezan’s Kotha Ko, together with a tune by one other rapper, Hannan Hossain Shimul, turned anthems for that motion, culminating in Hasina fleeing Bangladesh for India in August.

Quick ahead a yr, and Shezan just lately launched one other hit rap observe. In Huddai Hutashe, he raps about how “thieves” are being garlanded with flowers – a reference, he stated, to unqualified people seizing necessary positions in post-Hasina Bangladesh.

Because the nation marks the anniversary of the rebellion in opposition to Hasina, protest instruments that performed a key function in galvanising help in opposition to the previous chief have develop into a part of mainstream Bangladeshi politics.

Rap, social media memes and graffiti at the moment are additionally part of the arsenal of younger Bangladeshis trying to maintain their new rulers accountable, simply as they as soon as helped uproot Hasina.

‘Do much less drama, expensive’

As mob violence surged in Bangladesh final autumn within the aftermath of Hasina’s ouster, a Fb meme went viral.

It confirmed the acquainted pink and inexperienced seal of the Bangladesh authorities. However as an alternative of the golden map of the nation contained in the pink circle, it depicted stick-wielding males beating a fallen sufferer.

The textual content across the emblem had been tweaked – in Bangla, it not learn “Individuals’s Republic of Bangladesh Authorities,” however “Mob’s Republic of Bangladesh Authorities”.

The satire was biting and pointed, revealing an uncomfortable facet of post-Hasina Bangladesh. “It was out of this frustration that I created the illustration, as a critique on the ‘rule of mobs’ and the federal government’s obvious inaction,” stated Imran Hossain, a journalist and activist who created the meme. “Many individuals shared it on social media, and a few even used it as their profile image as a quiet type of protest.”

After the student-led revolution, the newly appointed interim authorities underneath Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus launched into a sweeping reform agenda – protecting the structure, elections, judiciary and police.

However mob violence emerged as a problem that the federal government struggled to comprise. This era noticed mobs attacking Sufi shrines and Hindu minorities, storming ladies’s soccer pitches, and even killing alleged drug sellers – many of those incidents filmed, shared and fiercely debated on-line.

“After the July rebellion, some teams in Bangladesh – a lot of whom had been oppressed underneath the earlier regime – abruptly discovered themselves with a whole lot of energy. However as an alternative of utilizing that newfound energy responsibly, some started taking the legislation into their very own palms,” Hossain stated.

As with rap songs, such memes had additionally performed an important function in capturing the general public temper through the anti-Hasina protests.

After safety officers killed lots of of protesters on July 18 and 19, Sheikh Hasina was seen crying over injury to a metro station allegedly brought on by demonstrators. That second fuelled a wave of memes.

One viral meme stated “Natok Kom Koro Prio” (Do much less drama, expensive), and was viral all through the latter half of July. It mocked Hasina’s sentimental show – whether or not over the broken metro station or her declare to “perceive the ache of shedding family members” after legislation enforcement businesses had killed lots of.

Till then, ridiculing Sheikh Hasina had been a “troublesome” act, stated Punny Kabir, a distinguished social media activist recognized for her witty political memes through the years, and a PhD scholar on the College of Cologne.

Whereas newspaper cartoonists beforehand used to lampoon political leaders, that stopped throughout Hasina’s rule since 2009, which was marked by arrests of critics and compelled disappearances, she stated.

“To face off an authoritarian regime, it’s [ridiculing] an necessary and highly effective software to beat concern and surveillance,” Kabir stated. “We made it doable, and it broke the concern.”

‘In the event you resist, you’re Bangladesh’

As concern of Sheikh Hasina pale from social media, extra folks discovered their voice – a mirrored image that quickly unfold onto the streets. 1000’s of partitions had been lined with work, graffiti, and slogans of braveness corresponding to “Killer Hasina”, “Cease Genocide” and “Time’s Up Hasina”.

“These artworks performed an enormous function within the protests,” stated political analyst and researcher Altaf Parvez. “Slogans like ‘If you’re scared, you’re completed; however in case you resist, you’re Bangladesh’ – one slogan could make all of the distinction, and that’s precisely what occurred.

“Individuals had been looking for one thing brave. When somebody created one thing that defied concern – artistic slogans, graffiti, cartoons – these turned sources of inspiration, spreading like wildfire. Individuals discovered their voice via them,” he added.

That voice didn’t go silent with Hasina’s departure.

As we speak, memes concentrating on varied political events, not simply the federal government, are widespread.

Considered one of Imran’s works makes use of a Simpsons cartoon for example how sycophants used to eulogise Hasina’s household for its function in Bangladesh’s 1971 liberation conflict when she was in energy. Now, the cartoon factors out, loyalists of the opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Celebration (BNP)’s chief Khaleda Zia and her son Tarique Rahman try to flatter their household for his or her contribution to the nation’s independence motion. Hasina’s father, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, led the liberty battle, whereas Zia’s husband Ziaur Rahman was a senior military officer who introduced the nation’s independence on March 27, 1971.

One other meme from a preferred Gen-Z Fb web page referred to as WittiGenZ just lately highlighted allegations of sexual misconduct by a pacesetter of the Nationwide Citizen Celebration (NCP) – a celebration shaped by Bangladesh’s college students.

What comes subsequent for political artwork in Bangladesh?

Political analysts in Bangladesh consider the instruments that contributed to toppling Sheikh Hasina will proceed to be related within the nation’s future.

“Memes and picture playing cards in Bangladesh primarily do what X does within the West. They supply the simplest short-form political commentary to maximise virality,” stated US-based Bangladeshi geopolitical columnist Shafquat Rabbee.

Bangladesh’s central financial institution unveiled new banknote designs impressed by the graffiti created by college students throughout final July’s monsoon rebellion, a nod to the artwork type’s widespread recognition as a method of political communication.

And rap, Rabbee stated, discovered a pure entry in Bangladeshi politics in 2024. In Bangladesh’s context, again in July 2024, political road combating turned a dominant and becoming instrument of protest in opposition to Hasina’s repressive forces, he stated.

The artists behind the songs say they by no means anticipated their work to echo throughout Bangladesh.

“I wrote these lyrics myself,” Shezan stated, about Kotha Ko. “I didn’t take into consideration how folks would reply – we merely acted out of a way of duty to what was taking place.”

As with Shezan’s tune, fellow rapper Hannan’s Awaaz Utha additionally went viral on-line, particularly on Fb, the identical day – July 18 – that it was launched. “You hit one, 10 extra will come again,” a line stated. As Hasina discovered it, they did.

The rappers themselves additionally joined the protests. Hannan was arrested every week after his tune’s launch and was solely freed after Hasina resigned and fled to India.

However now, stated Shezan, rap was there to remain in Bangladesh’s public life, from promoting jingles to way of life. “Many individuals are consciously or subconsciously embracing hip-hop tradition,” he stated.

“The way forward for rap is shiny.”